CALL 911 OR YOUR LOCAL HEALTH CARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU SUSPECT SHELLFISH POISONING.

Academic Papers

Alaska HAB Papers

  • Costa PR, Baugh KA, Wright B, RaLonde R, Nance SL, Tatarenkova N. (2009) “Comparative determination of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) using five different toxin detection methods in shellfish species collected in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska” Toxicon 54(3): 313-320.
  • Fortuine R (1975) “Paralytic shellfish poisoning in the North Pacific: two historical accounts and implications for today.” Alaska Med 17: 71–75.
  • Gessner, B. D., & Middaugh, J. P. (1995). Paralytic shellfish poisoning in Alaska: a 20-year retrospective analysis. American journal of epidemiology, 141(8), 766-770.
  • Gessner, B. D., Middaugh, J. P., & Doucette, G. J. (1997). Paralytic shellfish poisoning in Kodiak, Alaska. Western journal of medicine, 167(5), 351.
  • Gessner, B.D, and M Schloss. 1996. “A Population-Based Study of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning in Alaska.” Alaska Medicine 38 (2): 54–58.Author links open overlay panel
  • Harley, J. R., Lanphier K., Kennedy E., Whitehead C., Bidlack A. 2020. Random forest classification to determine environmental drivers and forecast paralytic shellfish toxins in Southeast Alaska with high temporal resolution. Harmful Algae 99.
  • Knaack, Jennifer S., Kimberly A. Porter, Justin T. Jacob, Kate Sullivan, Matthew Forester, Richard Y. Wang, Vera L. Trainer et al. (2016) “Case diagnosis and characterization of suspected paralytic shellfish poisoning in Alaska.” Harmful algae 57: 45-50.
  • Lefebvre, KA, Quakenbush L, Frame E, Huntington KB, Sheffield G, Stimmelmayr R, Bryan A, Kendrick P, et al. (2016) “Prevalence of algal toxins in Alaskan marine mammals foraging in a changing arctic and subarctic environment.” Harmful Algae 55: 13-24.
  • Litaker, R.W., M.W. Vandersea, S.R. Kibler, C Cammarata, K Holland, K. Holderied, D Hondolero, et al. 2012. “Development of Rapid, Accurate, Quantitative PCR Assays for Identifying Toxic Alexandrium Species Responsible for Causing Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning in Alaska.” NPRB Project 1021 Final Report.
  • Matweyou, Julie A., Dean A. Stockwell, Christopher A. Scholin, Sherwood Hall, Vera L. Trainer, Jason D. Ray, Terry E. Whitledge, Amy R. Childers, and F. Gerald Plumley (2002) “Use of Alexandrium rRNA targeted probes to predict PSP events on Kodiak Island, Alaska.” Harmful Algae: 267-269.
  • RaLonde R (1996) “Paralytic shellfish poisoning: the Alaska problem. Alaska’s Marine Resources” 8(2): 1–7.
  • Trainer VL, Sullivan K, Eberhart B-T Le, Shuler A, Hignutt E, Kiser J, Eckert GL, Shumway SE, Morton SL (2014) “Enhancing shellfish safety in Alaska through monitoring of harmful algae and their toxins.” J Shellfish Res 33(2): 531–539.
  • Schantz, E. J., & Magnusson, H. W. (1964). Observations on the origin of the paralytic poison in Alaska butter clams. The Journal of protozoology, 11(2), 239-242.
  • Shearn-Bochsler, V., Lance, E. W., Corcoran, R., Piatt, J., Bodenstein, B., Frame, E., & Lawonn, J. (2014). Fatal Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning in Kittlitz’s Murrelet (Brachyramphus brevirostris) Nestlings, Alaska, USA. Journal of wildlife diseases, 50(4), 933-937.
  • Stewart TN, RaLonde R, Litaker W and Tester P. (2011) “Improved Capacity for Ensuring Alaskan Shellfish Safety” NBRP Project 925 FInal Report.
  • Vandersea MW, Kibler SR, Van Sant SB, Tester PA, Sullivan K, Eckert G, Cammarata C, Reece K, Scott G, Place A, Holderied K, Hondolero D, Litaker RW. (2017) “qPCR assays for Alexandrium fundyense and A. ostenfildii (Dinophyceae) identified from Alaskan waters and a review of species specific Alexandrium molecular assys.” Phycologia 54(3), 303-320.
  • Wright B.A. and RaLonde R (2008) “Response and Intervention System for Climate Change Induced Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) in Aleut Communities.” NPRB Project 644 Final Report.

HAB Papers Outside of Alaska

  • Dale B, Edwards M, Reid PC. 2006. Climate change and harmful algae blooms. In: Ecological studies, Vol. 189, Granéli E, Turner JT, editors. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, pp. 367–378.
  • Etheridge SM. 2010. Paralytic shellfish poisoning: Seafood safety and human health perspectives. Toxicon 56:108–122.
  • Hallegraeff, G. M. (2010). Ocean climate change, phytoplankton community responses, and harmful algal blooms: a formidable predictive challenge1. Journal of phycology, 46(2), 220-235.
  • Horner R, Garrison D, Plumley F. 1997 “Harmful algal blooms and red tide problems on the U.S. west coast” LImnology and Oceanography 42(5.2): 1076-1088.
  • James, K. J., Carey, B., O’halloran, J., & Škrabáková, Z. (2010). Shellfish toxicity: human health implications of marine algal toxins. Epidemiology and infection, 138(07), 927-940.
  • Landsberg, J. H. (2002). The effects of harmful algal blooms on aquatic organisms. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 10(2), 113-390.
  • Lewitus, Alan J, Rita A Horner, David A Caron, Ernesto Garcia-Mendoza, Barbara M Hickey, Matthew Hunter, Daniel D Huppert, et al. (2012) “Harmful Algal Blooms along the North American West Coast Region: History, Trends, Causes, and Impacts.” Harmful Algae 19. Elsevier B.V.: 133–59. doi:10.1016/j.hal.2012.06.009.
  • McKibben, S. M., Peterson, W., Wood, A. M., Trainer, V. L., Hunter, M., & White, A. E. (2017). Climatic regulation of the neurotoxin domoic acid. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(2), 239-244.
  • Moore, Stephanie K, Vera L Trainer, Nathan J Mantua, Micaela S Parker, Edward a Laws, Lorraine C Backer, and Lora E Fleming (2008) “Impacts of Climate Variability and Future Climate Change on Harmful Algal Blooms and Human Health.” Environmental Health 7 (2): S4. doi:10.1186/1476-069X-7-S2-S4.
  • Shumway SE. 1990. A review of the effects of algal blooms on shellfish and aquaculture. J World Aquac Soc 21:65–104.
  • Trainer, V. L. (2002). Harmful algal blooms on the US west coast. Harmful algal blooms in the PICES region of the North Pacific, 89-118.
  • Van Dolah, F. M. (2000). Marine algal toxins: origins, health effects, and their increased occurrence. Environmental health perspectives, 108(Suppl 1), 133.
  • Wekell, J. C., Hurst, J., & Lefebvre, K. A. (2004). The origin of the regulatory limits for PSP and ASP toxins in shellfish. Journal of Shellfish Research, 23(3), 927-930.